Rose & Flower Glossary

A propagation method in which a scion (desired variety) is joined to a hardy rootstock. For roses, wild rose (Rosa multiflora) is commonly used as rootstock. Grafted plants grow faster and are more vigorous than those from cuttings.

A propagation method where a branch is cut and placed in soil or water to root and form a new plant. For roses, softwood cuttings taken in June–July are common, producing own-root plants (not grafted).

The plant used as the root and trunk base in grafting. For roses, Rosa multiflora is the primary rootstock. The rootstock's characteristics affect vigor and disease resistance.

A young plant grafted in winter and shipped the following spring. It is affordable but has underdeveloped roots, so flowers should be removed in the first year to prioritize plant establishment.

A plant grown in a field for at least one year before being dug up. It has a well-established root system and blooms soon after planting. Typically sold as bare-root stock in autumn and winter.

The practice of removing unwanted branches to shape the plant and improve flowering. For roses, hard pruning in winter and light pruning in summer are the basics. Technique varies by cultivar and growth habit.

The practice of promptly removing spent blooms. It conserves the plant's energy by preventing seed formation and encourages the next flush of flowers. Especially important for repeat-blooming cultivars.

A fungal disease that causes black spots on rose leaves. It spreads via rain splash, and advanced infections lead to defoliation and weakened plants. Prevention includes mulching and fungicide application.

A disease in which white powdery mold appears on leaves and buds. It tends to occur when there are large day-night temperature swings in spring and autumn. Good air circulation and avoiding excess nitrogen fertilizer help prevent it.

A general term for roses with long, vine-like canes. They can be trained on fences and arches to adorn walls. Winter training and pruning — laying canes horizontally — promotes better flowering.

A rose growth habit in which upright canes form a compact, bushy shape. Hybrid Teas and Floribundas are typical examples. Suitable for containers and garden beds, also called shrub form.

The trait of flowering repeatedly from spring through autumn. With proper pruning and fertilization, 3–4 flushes of bloom per year can be enjoyed. Most modern roses are repeat bloomers.